Clinical Structures

All occurrences

Where it appears in the corpus (140)

1. #01

   Ethics of the Real: Kant and Lacan · Alenka Zupančič · p.48

   The Subject of Freedom > What subject?

   Theoretical move: Zupančič argues that the Kantian subject of practical reason must pass through a moment of radical alienation and impossible choice (the 'excluded choice' of pure determinism) before attaining freedom, and that this structure—where the subject's fundamental disposition (Gesinnung) is itself chosen by a transcendental act of spontaneity that has no meta-foundation—is homologous to the Lacanian insight that the Other of the Other is the subject itself, grounding a 'psychoanalytic postulate of freedom' operative in the analytic cure.

   We could in fact link this point to what psychoanalysis indicates with the notion of the Neurosenwahl, the 'choice of neurosis'. The subject is at one and the same time 'subject to' (or subservient to) her unconscious and the one who, in the last resort, as 'subject of' the unconscious, has to be considered to have chosen it.

2. #02

   The Interpretation of Dreams · Sigmund Freud

   **(B) INFANTILE EXPERIENCES AS THE SOURCE OF DREAMS**

   Theoretical move: Freud uses clinical dream analyses—both a female hysterical patient's dream and his own autobiographical dreams—to demonstrate that infantile experiences function as latent sources of dream content, while also illustrating the mechanisms of condensation, displacement, and associative chain-building that connect childhood memory to manifest dream elements.

   it is a mistake to draw conclusions from them which are to apply to the dream in general; we are in every case dealing with neurotic, particularly with hysterical persons

3. #03

   Reading Lacan's Écrits: From 'The Freudian Thing' to 'Remarks on Daniel Lagache' · Derek Hook, Calum Neill & Stijn Vanheule (eds.) · p.18

   [The Freudian Thing, or the Meaning of the Return to Freud in Psychoanalysis](#ch05.xhtml_tocbook-part-003) > Parade

   Theoretical move: The passage argues that Lacan's "Parade" section of "The Freudian Thing" performs a critique of ego psychology and object-relations theory by showing how both camps misidentify the speaking "I" of the unconscious—either by privileging non-verbal phenomena or by misconstruing them as Saussurian signs—and that only a return to Freud grounded in Saussurian structural linguistics can restore the unconscious as the proper object of psychoanalysis.

   Perverse, neurotic, and psychotic characters are fingered in quick succession as the responsible party.

4. #04

   Reading Lacan's Écrits: From 'The Freudian Thing' to 'Remarks on Daniel Lagache' · Derek Hook, Calum Neill & Stijn Vanheule (eds.) · p.58

   [The Freudian Thing, or the Meaning of the Return to Freud in Psychoanalysis](#ch05.xhtml_tocbook-part-003) > Symbolic debt

   Theoretical move: Lacan reads the Rat Man case as paradigmatic for a structural, transgenerational theory of neurotic etiology: symptoms are encrypted testimonies to symbolically transmitted family debts (signifiers), not to brute biological instincts, and the proper telos of analysis is not happiness/success but the analysand's confrontation with the contingent, factical nonsense—the Freudian Thing—that underpins apparent meaning, achieved by weakening the Imaginary ego to let the Symbolic unconscious speak.

   as regards both the Rat Man specifically as well as the analytic clinic of psychopathologies in general, Lacan is arguing that the etiology of the neuroses (and psychoses)… runs through chains of family transmitted signifiers

5. #05

   Reading Lacan's Écrits: From 'The Freudian Thing' to 'Remarks on Daniel Lagache' · Derek Hook, Calum Neill & Stijn Vanheule (eds.) · p.164

   [On a Question Prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis](#ch05.xhtml_tocbook-part-007) > Context

   Theoretical move: This passage provides a contextual and structural overview of Lacan's 'On a Question Prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis,' arguing that the text marks a pivotal shift in Lacan's theorization of psychosis as a unitary clinical structure grounded in the foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father, situated within a four-period developmental arc in Lacan's broader work on psychosis.

   First and foremost 'On a Question' provides a framework for addressing the precise status of psychosis qua clinical structure. In Lacan's theory psychosis is not an 'illness' or a 'disorder' but a mode of relating to the signifier, the Other, and the symbolic order, which is why he thinks of it as a structure.

6. #06

   Reading Lacan's Écrits: From 'The Freudian Thing' to 'Remarks on Daniel Lagache' · Derek Hook, Calum Neill & Stijn Vanheule (eds.) · p.189

   [On a Question Prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis](#ch05.xhtml_tocbook-part-007) > IV. Schreber’s way

   Theoretical move: The passage argues that Schreber's psychosis is structurally determined by the foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father, which produces a cascade of effects—absence of phallic signification, invasion of the Real by hallucinatory voices and gazes (object a), and compensatory metonymic 'forced thought'—all of which Lacan formalizes through the R-schema and the I-schema as an alternative symbolic architecture to neurotic repression.

   Phallic identification can be observed in neurosis and perversion, where it takes a symbolic and imaginary shape respectively, but not in psychosis.

7. #07

   Reading Lacan's Écrits: From 'The Freudian Thing' to 'Remarks on Daniel Lagache' · Derek Hook, Calum Neill & Stijn Vanheule (eds.) · p.199

   [On a Question Prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis](#ch05.xhtml_tocbook-part-007) > IV. Schreber’s way

   Theoretical move: The I-schema formalizes Schreber's psychotic structure as the product of foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father (P₀→Φ₀), while demonstrating that his delusion constitutes an efficient stabilizing solution rather than mere deterioration; madness is re-theorized as the extreme limit-case of human freedom in the face of constitutive lack.

   Characteristic of neurosis is that the disorder in the midst of being is resolved by making use of the Name-of-the-Father... In psychosis such basic belief is missing; in this clinical structure freedom in dealing with our lack-of-being is at its most extreme.

8. #08

   Reading Lacan's Écrits: From 'The Freudian Thing' to 'Remarks on Daniel Lagache' · Derek Hook, Calum Neill & Stijn Vanheule (eds.)

   [On a Question Prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis](#ch05.xhtml_tocbook-part-007) > V. Postscript

   Theoretical move: The passage argues that Lacan's central thesis in "On a Question" is that psychosis is constituted by the Foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father, which prevents metaphorization of the lack-of-being and produces a fundamental disorder in the subject's relation to the Other, the Symbolic, and the Real—a structural claim that post-Freudian authors systematically miss by failing to distinguish the symbolic father function from its imaginary and real counterparts.

   If we aim to examine subjectivity, and hold on to the idea of clinical structures, we should study the structure of concrete speech acts... clinical structures are nothing but patterns that we can detect at the surface of what people articulate.

9. #09

   Embracing the Void: Rethinking the Origin of the Sacred · Richard Boothby · p.220

   Rethinking Religion (or, What Is the Sacred?) > Notes > Chapter 2

   Theoretical move: This notes passage traces a conceptual evolution in Lacan's use of "the big Other" across two phases of his teaching—from a term pointing toward genuine alterity and unconscious desire to one designating the defensive, meaning-policing function of the symbolic—while linking this shift to the broader move from imaginary to symbolic alienation.

   other psychic formations, such as perversion or psychosis. But such more extreme structural defenses can and should be viewed against the backdrop of a more neurotic 'normalcy.'

10. #10

    Enjoying What We Don't Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis · Todd McGowan · p.141

    I > Changing the World > Th e Questionable Task of Analysis

    Theoretical move: McGowan argues that neurosis, psychosis, and perversion are forms of private rebellion that leave the social order intact, and that psychoanalytic "normalization" should be understood not as adaptation to the status quo but as the production of a subject capable of genuinely transformative public action.

    Neurosis and psychosis represent disparate psychic structures, they both effect a withdrawal from the public world and thereby mark a refusal to act.

11. #11

    Enjoying What We Don't Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis · Todd McGowan · p.149

    I > Changing the World > Psychoanalytic Success

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that psychoanalytic success consists in the subject publicly avowing its fantasy and acting from the "nonsense" of its own enjoyment rather than sacrificing that enjoyment to social authority — thereby exposing the groundlessness of all symbolic authority and opening a path for collective transformation. Hamlet's trajectory from perverse fool to authentic fool is used as the paradigmatic illustration of this move.

    Neither the psychotic nor the neurotic embraces the truth of his or her enjoyment; both deceive themselves as to the nature of how they enjoy.

12. #12

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_ncx_173"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_page_0195"></span>***S*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_ncx_194"></span>**Structure**

    Theoretical move: The passage systematically traces Lacan's evolving concept of 'structure' from early social/affective relations through Saussurean linguistics and structuralism to topology, while establishing Clinical Structures (neurosis, psychosis, perversion) as the definitive nosographic framework grounded in discrete subject-positions relative to the Other rather than collections of symptoms.

    Lacan distinguishes three principal nosographic categories; NEUROSIS, PSYCHOSIS and PERVERSION. His originality lies in the fact that he regards these categories as structures rather than simply as collections of symptoms.

13. #13

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_142"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_page_0161"></span>***P*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_143"></span>**paranoia**

    Theoretical move: Paranoia is theorised not merely as a clinical structure but as a privileged site for disclosing fundamental features of the psyche itself—ego, knowledge, and the analytic relation all share a paranoiac structure—while Lacan's replacement of Freud's homosexuality thesis with the concept of foreclosure marks his decisive theoretical departure from Freud on psychosis.

    Like all clinical structures, paranoia reveals in a particularly vivid way certain basic features of the psyche.

14. #14

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_142"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_page_0161"></span>***P*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_148"></span>**perversion**

    Theoretical move: Lacan redefines perversion not as deviant sexual behaviour but as a distinct clinical structure, characterized by the operations of disavowal (in relation to the phallus) and a specific positioning of the subject as object/instrument of the Other's jouissance—inverting the structure of fantasy—and argues this structure is equally complex to neurosis, differing not in richness but in the inverse direction of its structuration.

    Lacan overcomes this impasse in Freudian theory by defining perversion not as a form of behaviour but as a clinical STRUCTURE.

15. #15

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_ncx_66"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_page_0084"></span>***F*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_ncx_70"></span>**fetishism**

    Theoretical move: The passage traces the Lacanian reworking of fetishism: shifting Freud's account from a realist (penis-substitution) to a symbolic-linguistic framework (phallus-substitution), extending disavowal as the constitutive mechanism of perversion in general, and ultimately destabilising Freud's claim that fetishism is an exclusively male perversion by proposing that the real penis can itself function as a fetish for heterosexual women.

    He defined fetishism as a sexual PERVERSION... Lacan also extends the mechanism of DISAVOWAL, making it the operation constitutive of perversion itself

16. #16

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part18.xhtml_ncx_83"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part18.xhtml_page_0102"></span>***H***

    Theoretical move: This passage (from Evans's introductory dictionary) articulates three interconnected Lacanian theoretical moves: (1) hallucination as the return of the foreclosed Name-of-the-Father in the Real; (2) helplessness (Hilflosigkeit) as grounding both the subject's constitutive dependence on language and the end of analysis as subjective destitution; and (3) hysteria redefined as a clinical structure organised around the question of sexual position and the desire of the Other, distinct from mere symptomatology.

    Lacan comes to define hysteria not as a set of symptoms but as a STRUCTURE. This means that a subject may well exhibit none of the typical bodily symptoms of hysteria and yet still be diagnosed as a hysteric by a Lacanian analyst.

17. #17

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part13.xhtml_ncx_30"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part13.xhtml_page_0045"></span>***C*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part13.xhtml_ncx_33"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part13.xhtml_page_0046"></span>**castration complex**

    Theoretical move: The passage reconstructs Lacan's transformation of Freud's castration complex: by redefining castration as a symbolic lack of an imaginary object (the phallus), articulated across three "times" of the Oedipus complex, Lacan universalises castration beyond anatomical difference and makes the assumption or refusal of castration the structural hinge for both clinical structures (neurosis/perversion/psychosis) and sexuation.

    It is the refusal of castration that lies at the root of all psychopathological structures… The closest to such a position is the neurotic structure… A more radical defence against castration than repression is disavowal, which is at the root of the perverse structure.

18. #18

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part25.xhtml_ncx_134"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part25.xhtml_page_0151"></span>***O*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part25.xhtml_ncx_137"></span>**obsessional neurosis**

    Theoretical move: Lacan reframes obsessional neurosis not as a cluster of symptoms but as an underlying clinical structure organized around an existential question about death and being, distinguishing it from hysteria while preserving Freud's diagnostic inheritance.

    obsessional neurosis designates not a set of symptoms but an underlying STRUCTURE which may or may not manifest itself in the symptoms typically associated with it

19. #19

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_ncx_66"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_page_0084"></span>***F*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_ncx_71"></span>**foreclosure**

    Theoretical move: The passage traces the theoretical development of Lacan's concept of foreclosure (forclusion) as the specific psychical mechanism of psychosis, arriving at the formula that it is the Name-of-the-Father that is foreclosed—a move that unifies two previously separate threads (paternal exclusion and Freudian Verwerfung) and distinguishes foreclosure from repression, negation, and projection.

    Repression is the operation which constitutes neurosis, whereas foreclosure is the operation which constitutes psychosis.

20. #20

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part30.xhtml_ncx_202"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part30.xhtml_page_0231"></span>***T*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part30.xhtml_ncx_210"></span>**treatment**

    Theoretical move: The passage defines psychoanalytic treatment as a directed structural process distinct from medical cure, whose aim is not the restoration of a healthy psyche but the analysand's articulation of desire and truth, structured by transference, resistance, and the desire of the analyst across distinct phases.

    The clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis and perversion are seen as essentially 'incurable', and the aim of analytic treatment is simply to lead the analysand to articulate his truth.

21. #21

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_ncx_173"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_page_0195"></span>***S*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_ncx_201"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part29.xhtml_page_0229"></span>**Symptom**

    Theoretical move: The passage traces Lacan's evolving theorisation of the symptom across his work: from a linguistic conception (symptom as signifier, signification, metaphor, message) grounded in the unconscious-structured-like-a-language thesis, through to a post-1962 shift toward the symptom as pure jouissance culminating in the concept of the sinthome — while consistently distinguishing symptom from clinical structure as the proper focus of psychoanalytic diagnosis and treatment.

    It is the clinical structure of the patient (neurosis, psychosis or perversion) which constitutes the real focus of psychoanalysis, and not his symptoms.

22. #22

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_ncx_66"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_page_0084"></span>***F*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part16.xhtml_ncx_68"></span>**fantasy**

    Theoretical move: Fantasy is not opposed to reality but is a discursively constituted, structurally fixed defence against castration and the lack in the Other; its mathemic formalisation ($ ◇ a) places it within a signifying structure that the analysand must ultimately traverse in the course of treatment.

    Each clinical structure may thus be distinguished by the particular way in which it uses a fantasy scene to veil the lack in the Other.

23. #23

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_142"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_page_0161"></span>***P*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_160"></span>**psychosis**

    Theoretical move: The passage establishes the Lacanian theory of psychosis as a clinical structure defined by foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father, producing a hole in the symbolic order and imprisoning the subject in the imaginary; it further articulates the later reformulation via the Borromean Knot and the role of the sinthome as a fourth ring.

    Psychosis is defined as one of the three clinical STRUCTURES, one of which is defined by the operation of FORECLOSURE.

24. #24

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_142"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_page_0161"></span>***P*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_151"></span>**phobia**

    Theoretical move: Lacan retheorises phobia not as a clinical structure but as a "revolving junction" (plaque tournante): the phobic object functions as a signifier without univocal sense, enabling the subject to work through the impossibilities blocking passage from the Imaginary to the Symbolic, and phobia thereby occupies a gateway position between the two great neurotic structures and perversion.

    phobia is not, according to Lacan, a clinical structure on the same level as hysteria and obsessional neurosis, but a gateway which can lead to either of them

25. #25

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part24.xhtml_ncx_127"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part24.xhtml_page_0146"></span>***N***

    Theoretical move: This passage from Evans's dictionary provides canonical Lacanian definitions for five interconnected concepts — Name-of-the-Father, narcissism, nature, need, negation, and neurosis — showing how each is structured around the primacy of the symbolic order over biological/imaginary registers, and how Lacan transforms Freudian clinical categories into structural ones.

    Lacanian nosology identifies three clinical structures: neurosis, psychosis and perversion, in which there is no position of 'mental health' which could be called normal

26. #26

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_ncx_43"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_page_0056"></span>***D*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_ncx_53"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_page_0068"></span>**disavowal**

    Theoretical move: Lacan systematically tightens Freud's concept of disavowal by restricting it exclusively to perversion and contrasting it rigorously with repression (neurosis) and foreclosure (psychosis), while reframing its object from the perceived absence of the penis to the structural lack of the phallus in the Other — making disavowal the denial that lack causes desire.

    Disavowal is the fundamental operation in perversion, just as repression and foreclosure are the fundamental operations in neurosis and psychosis.

27. #27

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_ncx_43"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_page_0056"></span>***D*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part14.xhtml_ncx_56"></span>**dual relation**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that the imaginary order is constituted by dyadic relations while the symbolic order is essentially triadic, and that the failure to theorise this distinction reduces psychoanalytic treatment to an imaginary power struggle; Lacan's broader theoretical preference for triadic over binary schemes follows from this structural principle.

    the three clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis and perversion

28. #28

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part25.xhtml_ncx_134"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part25.xhtml_page_0151"></span>***O*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part25.xhtml_ncx_138"></span>**Oedipus complex**

    Theoretical move: The passage expounds Lacan's distinctive reworking of the Oedipus complex as a three-timed logical passage from the Imaginary to the Symbolic order, mediated by the paternal function and the phallus, arguing that the prohibition of jouissance operative in the Oedipal myth masks the more fundamental Lacanian insight (drawn from Totem and Taboo) that maternal jouissance is not merely forbidden but structurally impossible.

    Lacan relates all the clinical structures to difficulties in this complex... a completely non-pathological position does not exist. The closest thing is a neurotic structure

29. #29

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_142"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_page_0161"></span>***P*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part26.xhtml_ncx_157"></span>**projection**

    Theoretical move: Lacan reconfigures projection as a strictly imaginary-neurotic defence mechanism, distinguishing it sharply from foreclosure (a symbolic/psychotic phenomenon) and from introjection (a symbolic, not imaginary, process), thereby refusing the classical psychoanalytic conflation of projection across clinical structures.

    Whereas Freud and many other psychoanalysts use the term 'projection' to describe a mechanism which is present (to differing degrees) in both psychosis and neurosis, Lacan understands the term 'projection' as a purely neurotic mechanism

30. #30

    An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis · Dylan Evans

    <span id="9781134780112_Part28.xhtml_ncx_164"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part28.xhtml_page_0186"></span>***R*** > <span id="9781134780112_Part28.xhtml_ncx_171"></span><span id="9781134780112_Part28.xhtml_page_0192"></span>**repression**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that repression, understood through Lacan's reworking of Freud, is the structural operation that defines neurosis among the clinical structures; primal repression is recast not as a datable psychical act but as the structural incompleteness of language itself, while secondary repression is formalised as a metaphoric operation in which repression and the return of the repressed are identical.

    repression is the fundamental operation which distinguishes neurosis from the other clinical structures.

31. #31

    Seminar I · Freud's Papers on Technique · Jacques Lacan · p.121

    **IX**

    Theoretical move: Lacan uses Freud's article on narcissism to argue that the distinction between egoistical and sexual libido—and the corresponding distinction between neurosis and psychosis—requires the tripartite framework of Imaginary/Symbolic/Real, with the Mirror Stage grounding the imaginary constitution of the ego, and the neurosis/psychosis structural difference hinging on whether the subject retains access to imaginary substitution when withdrawing from reality.

    What is crucial for Freud is grasping the difference in structure which exists between the withdrawal from reality which we observe in the neuroses and that which we observe in the psychoses.

32. #32

    Seminar I · Freud's Papers on Technique · Jacques Lacan

    **IX**

    Theoretical move: The passage pivots on the theoretical distinction between the Symbolic and the Imaginary as separate registers, arguing that the structure of psychosis must be located within a specific disturbance of the symbolic rather than a confusion of the two orders—a distinction Freud grasps but Jung fails to make.

    it may be the case that the specific structure of the psychotic should be located in a symbolic unreal, or in a symbolic unmarked by the unreal.

33. #33

    Seminar I · Freud's Papers on Technique · Jacques Lacan · p.110

    **vin** > **M. HYPPOLITE:** *Universal*

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that the ego is fundamentally an imaginary function, and that disturbances in imaginary development (rather than organic lesion) explain the wild child's motor, sleep, and relational failures—thereby grounding a structural account of psychosis in the failure of imaginary mastery rather than in nosological categories.

    According to our inclination and the idea each of us has of schizophrenia, of its mechanism and of its fundamental source, we can include or exclude this case from the category of schizophrenic illness.

34. #34

    Seminar I · Freud's Papers on Technique · Jacques Lacan

    **IV**

    Theoretical move: Lacan introduces the critical distinction between Repression (Verdrängung) and Foreclosure (Verwerfung) by reading Freud's Wolf Man case, arguing that Verwerfung designates a rejection that forecloses genital realisation rather than repressing it, and that mistranslating Verwerfung as a mere "judgement that rejects and chooses" obscures the conceptual specificity Freud intended.

    subject raised to a level of genital structure from the very fact that castration has come into play... he retired into the positions of the anal theory of sexuality.

35. #35

    Seminar I · Freud's Papers on Technique · Jacques Lacan · p.95

    **vin** > *The wolf! The wolf!*

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the symbolic function (speech) is the unacknowledged core of all Freudian experience, and uses Freud's distinction between neurosis and psychosis to introduce the imaginary function as the next essential theoretical register — establishing transference as equivalent to love and anchoring the neurosis/psychosis distinction in the subject's relation to imaginary objects.

    Here we come to what is the essential distinction to be drawn between neurosis and psychosis, as to the functioning of the imaginary, a distinction which Schreber's analysis... will enable us to consider in greater depth.

36. #36

    Seminar X · Anxiety · Jacques Lacan · p.35

    BookX Anxiety > **ANXIETY, SIGN OF DESIRE**

    Theoretical move: Lacan marks a decisive 'leap' beyond Hegel on the function of desire: whereas Hegel's desire is desire of/for another *consciousness* (leading necessarily to the struggle to the death), Lacanian desire is desire of the Other qua *unconscious lack*, mediated by the fantasy as image-support — a distinction formalised through four formulae and the division-remainder algebra that produces the barred subject and objet a as co-residues on the side of the Other.

    what our experience demonstrates to us… namely, and distinctly, the neurotic, the pervert, indeed the psychotic

37. #37

    Seminar X · Anxiety · Jacques Lacan · p.148

    **x** > **ON A LACK THAT IS IRREDUCIBLE TO THE SIGNIFIER**

    Theoretical move: Lacan reframes the analytic paradox of "defence against anxiety" by arguing that defence is not against anxiety itself but against the lack of which anxiety is a signal, and he further differentiates the structural positions of the objet petit a in neurosis versus perversion/psychosis to clarify the handling of the transferential relation — culminating in a redefinition of mourning as identifying with the function of being the Other's lack.

    if it has to do with a pervert or a psychotic, the fantasy relation (i O a) is established in such a way... In the case of neurosis, the position is different

38. #38

    Seminar X · Anxiety · Jacques Lacan · p.28

    BookX Anxiety > **ANXIETY, SIGN OF DESIRE**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that analytic teaching cannot rest on mere cataloguing or analogical methods, but must operate through a "function of the key" — the signifying function — grounded in the unary trait as the primordial signifier that precedes the subject and justifies any ideal of straightforwardness in teaching.

    the anxiety we're faced with in our neurotics... the experience that is more on the fringes for us, that of the pervert, for example, indeed that of the psychotic.

39. #39

    Seminar X · Anxiety · Jacques Lacan · p.81

    BookX Anxiety > **THAT WHICH DECEIVES NOT**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that anxiety has a determinate structure — it is always *framed* — and uses this structural claim to reposition both the Unheimliche and the fantasy (via the Wolf Man's dream as window-framed scene) as instances of that framing, while also deploying Ferenczi's notion of the "unmediated interruption" of female genitality to argue that the structural empty place (locus of jouissance) is constitutive of desire prior to any diachronic myth of maturation.

    it's upon hysteria that the constructions of obsessional neurosis are built. Moreover, hysteria's relationships to psychosis, to schizophrenia, are obvious and have been highlighted.

40. #40

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.233

    **Seminar 17: Wednesday 5 May 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the analysable symptom is constitutively structured as a reference to Knowledge—always indicating that something is known (or unknown) somewhere—and uses this to distinguish neurosis, psychosis, and perversion, while simultaneously positioning the psychoanalyst as the Subject Supposed to Know who enters the signifying operation rather than standing outside it as a classifier; this framework is then set against Hegel's Absolute Knowing and modern epistemology to articulate that knowledge is itself a signifying articulation contingent on its moment of constitution.

    this knowledge that is in question, in so far as it is also lack, indeed failure, is diversified according to the three planes isolated here of the lekton, the tukanon and of desire, according to the three varieties: as regards psychoses … The neurosis with its tukanon … and that of the pervert

41. #41

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.314

    **Seminar 22: Wednesday 9 June 1965.** > **Seminar 23: Wednesday 16 June 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan articulates the clinical structures of neurosis (hysteria and obsession) through the differential relation each takes to the demand of the Other, showing how the o-object (objet petit a) anchors subjective positions differently in each structure, and concludes that the end of analysis is the signifier of the barred Other — the Other's acknowledgment that it is nothing.

    the three perspectives determining the respective aspects of neurosis, perversion and psychosis

42. #42

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.226

    **Seminar 15: Wednesday 7 April 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan distinguishes the signifier from the sign by locating its function on the side of the emitter rather than the receiver, arguing that the signifier's representation of a subject for another signifier necessarily bars and divides that subject — and uses this structure to differentiate the clinical positions of psychosis, neurosis, and perversion with respect to a message's gap and the desire of the Other.

    this is an important point to specify because this is a trait of the clinic, I mean of an opening up of what questioning should be directed at

43. #43

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.221

    **Seminar 15: Wednesday 7 April 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that nomination is not arbitrary convention but a memorial act carrying topological structure, and uses the proper name (via Leclaire's 'poord"jeli') as a paradigm for the suture function of the signifier—showing how the obsessional's clinical specificity is marked by an 'exquisite difference' caught in a suture, while Topology (Möbius strip/Klein bottle) models the torsion inherent in both language and living bodies.

    this is not done to the same point nor with the same goal in the neurotic, the psychotic, nor in the pervert, the way in which these sutures are done in the subjective history

44. #44

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.314

    **Seminar 22: Wednesday 9 June 1965.** > **Seminar 23: Wednesday 16 June 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan articulates the differential structure of neurosis by showing how desire is constituted with respect to the demand of the Other, distinguishing hysteria (desire maintained as unsatisfied, castration instrumentalised) from obsessional neurosis (desire rendered impossible, phallus safeguarded via oblativity), while warning that interpreting the o-object under its faecal species as the truth of the obsessional is a clinical trap that merely satisfies the neurotic's demand — and concluding that the end of analysis is the signifier of a barred Other whose knowledge is nothing.

    Today I will not return to the major repartition of the demand, of the jouissance of the Other and of the anxiety of the Other as corresponding to the three perspectives determining the respective aspects of neurosis, perversion and psychosis.

45. #45

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.221

    **Seminar 15: Wednesday 7 April 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that nomination is not arbitrary but a memorial act tied to the function of the signifier, and uses the topology of the Möbius strip / Klein bottle to model how proper names and sutures operate differently across clinical structures (neurosis, psychosis, perversion), with the obsessional's relation to the 'exquisite difference' as the paradigm case.

    this is not done to the same point nor with the same goal in the neurotic, the psychotic, nor in the pervert, the way in which these sutures are done in the subjective history

46. #46

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.103

    **Seminar 8: Wednesday 3 February 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan uses a clinical vignette of a borderline patient treated for ten years to argue that the analyst's error was reducing the patient's symptomatology to demand (and its oral regression) rather than locating the properly structural dimension of desire—specifically, that desire is constituted by its torsion toward the Other's desire, and that the objet petit a is the site where the desire of the Other dwells, not a relation between two egos.

    it is necessary in what is going to follow, that I should tell you what an o-object is in psychosis, in perversion, in neurosis, and there is every chance that it is not the same.

47. #47

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.233

    **Seminar 17: Wednesday 5 May 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the symptom is constitutively structured around a reference to knowledge — not merely as a sign of some organic state but as a signifier that indicates "somewhere it is known" — and uses this to differentiate psychosis, neurosis, and perversion by their distinct relations to knowledge/non-knowledge, while positioning the psychoanalyst as "subject supposed to know" who enters the signifying operation rather than merely classifying from outside.

    this knowledge that is in question, in so far as it is also lack, indeed failure, is diversified according to the three planes isolated here of the lekton, the tukanon and of desire, according to the three varieties: as regards psychoses... The neurosis with its tukanon... and that of the pervert

48. #48

    Seminar XII · Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.225

    **Seminar 15: Wednesday 7 April 1965**

    Theoretical move: Lacan uses the example of the "alone at five o'clock" love-sign to demonstrate that the signifier (unlike the sign) represents a subject for another signifier — not from the side of the receiver but from the side of the emitter — and deploys this to differentiate the clinical structures (psychosis, neurosis, perversion) by how each relates to the gap structured in a signifying message.

    If you are psychotic... If you are neurotic... If you are perverse... these are the fields that this first step determines

49. #49

    Seminar XIII · The Object of Psychoanalysis (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.273

    **Seminar 22: Wednesday 15 June 1966**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that psychoanalytic 'scientific' presentations systematically falsify their object by conspiring against the patient, and uses this critique to advance a methodological point: that perversion must be theorised from Freud's foundational claim that perversion is normal, so the clinical problem becomes explaining why abnormal perverts exist - a historical-structural question he aligns with Foucault's archaeological method.

    on the plane of a clinical description of something centred around the perverse couple... to speak altogether scientifically about perversion it is necessary to start from what is quite simply its basis in Freud.

50. #50

    Seminar XIII · The Object of Psychoanalysis (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.99

    **Seminar 8: Wednesday 26 January 1966**

    Theoretical move: Dr Stein, presenting within Lacan's closed seminar, develops a formal theory of predication to elucidate the psychoanalytic proposition "it speaks" (ça parle), distinguishing the "subject of the predicate" from the "predicating subject" in order to articulate the imaginary limit-structure of the analytic session as one in which the speaking subject cannot be assigned to either patient or analyst individually.

    I will reply no, if you have to take the structure as neurotic structure in the strict sense of the term, namely, what distinguishes one form of neurosis from another.

51. #51

    Seminar XIII · The Object of Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.273

    **Seminar 22: Wednesday 15 June 1966**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the standard format of the psychoanalytic 'scientific paper' distorts clinical truth by constituting a 'conspiracy against the patient', and uses the example of perversion to insist that genuine scientific rigour requires returning to Freud's foundational claim that perversion is normal—reframing the clinical problem as why abnormal perversion exists at all, a move he aligns with Foucault's historical problematization of madness and medicine.

    on the plane of a clinical description of something centred around the perverse couple, Clavreul... gave us something excellent.

52. #52

    Seminar XIII · The Object of Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.99

    **Seminar 8: Wednesday 26 January 1966**

    Theoretical move: Stein introduces a formal distinction between the "subject of the predicate" and the "predicating subject" in order to ground the clinical notion of "it speaks" (*ça parle*) as a second-degree predication that suspends the question of who speaks, thereby locating the analytic situation in an imaginary fusional limit-state that is structurally common to all transference-capable patients regardless of specific neurotic structure.

    I will reply no, if you have to take the structure as neurotic structure in the strict sense of the term, namely, what distinguishes one form of neurosis from another.

53. #53

    Seminar XIV · The Logic of Phantasy (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.276

    the smallest whole number which is not written on this board > **Seminar 24: Wednesday 21 June 1967**

    Theoretical move: Lacan distinguishes the neurotic's relation to fantasy from the perverse by situating their respective jouissance-arrangements in topological-spatial figures (toilet, bedroom, boudoir, parlour), and closes by announcing that the analyst's office is the site where the sexual act is foreclosed — a structural definition of the analytic act that will anchor the following year's seminar.

    Phobia can happen in the wardrobe … or in the corridor, in the kitchen. Hysteria happens in the parlour … Obsession, in the bog.

54. #54

    Seminar XIV · The Logic of Phantasy (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.253

    the smallest whole number which is not written on this board > **Seminar 23: Wednesday 14 June 1967**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that fantasy has a grammatically closed structure ("a child is being beaten") that is the correlative of the alienation-choice "I am not thinking," and that jouissance in perversion must be distinguished from the neurotic fantasy's role as a measure of comprehension/desire — with perversion defined through the impasse of the sexual act rather than through the fantasy structure itself.

    A hysterical structure is not the same as a phobic structure! No closer to one another than to the obsessional structure, whose symptom represents a structure.

55. #55

    Seminar XIV · The Logic of Phantasy · Jacques Lacan · p.276

    the smallest whole number which is not written on this board > **Seminar 24: Wednesday 21 June 1967**

    Theoretical move: Lacan distinguishes the function of fantasy in neurosis from its function in perversion by mapping clinical structures onto spatial metaphors (bedroom, toilet, boudoir, wardrobe, parlour, bog, analyst's office), culminating in the claim that the analyst's office is the site where the sexual act is presented as foreclosure (Verwerfung), thereby anticipating the seminar on the psychoanalytic act.

    Phobia can happen in the wardrobe … or in the corridor, in the kitchen. Hysteria happens in the parlour … Obsession, in the bog.

56. #56

    Seminar XIV · The Logic of Phantasy · Jacques Lacan · p.275

    the smallest whole number which is not written on this board > **Seminar 24: Wednesday 21 June 1967**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that desire is structurally constituted by its displacement from demand through language, making it inherently the desire of the Other and necessarily unsatisfied; fantasy is reframed not as a content to be interpreted but as a truth-meaning axiom within the neurotic's unconscious discourse, supplying for the lack of desire.

    the same one, is encountered in very different neurotic structures … a perverse and a neurotic structure.

57. #57

    Seminar XIV · The Logic of Phantasy · Jacques Lacan · p.253

    the smallest whole number which is not written on this board > **Seminar 23: Wednesday 14 June 1967**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that fantasy is structured like a language (as a grammatically closed sentence), introduces jouissance as a new theoretical term to account for the economy of fantasy, and distinguishes neurotic fantasy (as a closed, inadmissible meaning correlative to alienation's forced choice) from perverse jouissance—articulated through the impasse of the (non-existent/only-existing) sexual act—insisting these are structurally distinct rather than analogically continuous.

    I will never repeat it too much… I energetically protest against the use of terms like these, for example: 'hystero (hyphen) phobic structure'. Why that? A hysterical structure is not the same as a phobic structure! No closer to one another than to the obsessional structure

58. #58

    Seminar XV · The Psychoanalytic Act (alt. translation) · Jacques Lacan · p.177

    **THE SEMINAR OF JACQUES LACAN** > **Seminar 10: Wednesday 21 February 1968** > **Seminar 13: Wednesday 13 March 1968** > **Seminar 15: Wednesday 27 March 1968**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the analyst's proper function is not mastery of knowledge about sexuality but rather occupancy of the place of the objet petit a—the structural void that conditions desire—and that the analyst's inability to sustain this position drives the institutional fiction of "private life," which insulates analytic hierarchy from the truth of the analyst's own structural impotence.

    Perhaps, from that moment on he might manage to find a new clinical classification to that of classical psychiatry which he has never been able to touch or to shake

59. #59

    Seminar XV · The Psychoanalytic Act · Jacques Lacan · p.118

    **THE SEMINAR OF JACQUES LACAN** > **Seminar 10: Wednesday 21 February 1968**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the Oedipus complex functions as a mythical framework that contains and limits psychoanalytic operations rather than explaining masculine enjoyment, and that the structural logic of the analytic act culminates in the relation $◇a — where castration is the sign of an irreducible gap between male and feminine enjoyment that psychoanalysis cannot close.

    all the effects at the level of these slopes that we call neurotic, psychotic or perverse and which are inserted, precisely, in this distance forever established between the two enjoyments.

60. #60

    Seminar XV · The Psychoanalytic Act · Jacques Lacan · p.177

    **THE SEMINAR OF JACQUES LACAN** > **Seminar 10: Wednesday 21 February 1968** > **Seminar 13: Wednesday 13 March 1968** > **Seminar 15: Wednesday 27 March 1968**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the analyst's proper function is not to be a subject of knowledge but to occupy the structural place of the objet petit a — the third term that conditions desire and determines what is at stake in the sexual act — and that the analyst's failure to sustain this position drives him to substitute fictional knowledge, institutional hierarchy, and the fiction of "private life" for genuine analytic discourse.

    Perhaps, from that moment on he might manage to find a new clinical classification to that of classical psychiatry which he has never been able to touch or to shake.

61. #61

    Seminar XVI · From an Other to the other · Jacques Lacan · p.311

    Seminar 18: Wednesday 30 April 1969 > Seminar 19: Wednesday 7 May 1969

    Theoretical move: Lacan repositions phobia not as a discrete clinical entity but as a structural "turntable" that illuminates the relations between hysteria, obsessional neurosis, and perversion, and from which the disjunction between knowledge and power can be re-examined.

    it in phobia that we can see not at all something that is a clinical entity but that is in a way a sort of turntable

62. #62

    Seminar XVI · From an Other to the other · Jacques Lacan · p.340

    Seminar 21: Wednesday 21 May 1969

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that enjoyment (jouissance) is structurally excluded from the symbolic system of knowledge, yet is thereby realised as the Real; this exclusion—figured through the phallic signifier—organises all clinical structures (neurosis/psychosis), and the triad of enjoyment, the Other as locus of knowledge, and the objet petit a provides the proper framework for understanding both infantile biography and the analytic encounter.

    This is what ensures, and here there lies, what we call improperly the choice of neurosis, indeed the choice between psychosis and neurosis.

63. #63

    Seminar XVI · From an Other to the other · Jacques Lacan · p.313

    Seminar 18: Wednesday 30 April 1969 > **Seminar 20: Wednesday 14 May 1969**

    Theoretical move: Lacan grounds the subject's structure in the logic of the signifier as self-othering: the signifier can only represent the subject for another signifier, and this irreducible alterity of the signifier to itself constitutes the big Other as necessarily incomplete (holed by objet petit a), while the subject is redefined as "what effaces its tracks," making the trace-effacement the originary operation from which the signifier and language emerge.

    It is what constitutes the real progress. It is, of course, the only thing that can make what is improperly called the clinic progress.

64. #64

    Seminar XVIII · On a Discourse That Might Not Be a Semblance · Jacques Lacan · p.28

    **Seminar [l:\Vednesday](file://l:/Vednesday) 13 January 1971** > **Seminar 2: Wednesday 20 January 1971**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that there is no sexual relationship because sexuality at the level of discourse is constituted as semblance, with surplus-jouissance (not biology) as its operative term; the phallus functions as the signifier of sexual enjoyment precisely insofar as it is identical with the Name of the Father, and the Oedipus myth is the discourse's necessary fiction for designating the real of an impossible enjoyment.

    the psychotic aspect of these cases is completely eluded by him, because he has no reference points, Lacanian foreclosure never having reached his ears

65. #65

    Seminar XXII · R.S.I. · Jacques Lacan · p.100

    **Introduction** > **Seminar 6: Tuesday 18 February 1975**

    Theoretical move: Lacan theorizes that for the obsessional, death is a 'parapraxis' (failed act), linking the structure of obsession to the impossibility of grasping death as a genuine act; simultaneously, he pivots to the problem of feminine ek-sistence, arguing that women exist not under a universal 'The' but as numerable ones — a move that articulates the Not-all against any totalizing universal.

    it was enough to be a good obsessional to know from a sure source that death is a parapraxis.

66. #66

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.157

    **X** > **XI** > **On the rejection of a primordial signifier**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that psychosis must be approached through structural-explanatory analysis rather than phenomenological understanding, with the unconscious "present but not functioning" in psychosis, and that language phenomena in psychosis are the most theoretically productive site of investigation — grounding the entire analytic enterprise in the irreducibility of language.

    It is not for the simple pleasures of the nosographer that we're grappling with the distinction between the neuroses and the psychoses.

67. #67

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan

    **I**

    Theoretical move: This introductory passage announces the year's seminar topic—the question of the psychoses—positioning it as distinct from mere treatment, and frames the inquiry as moving from Freudian theory (including Verneinung and Verwerfung) toward clinical, nosographic, and therapeutic problems, while acknowledging a constitutive 'lapsus' in the seminar's announced title.

    Clinical and nosographic problems first. I've been thinking that all the benefit analysis might produce with respect to them hasn't yet been fully extracted.

68. #68

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.47

    **II** > **Ill** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan critiques the standard psychoanalytic account of Schreber's paranoia (homosexual tendency/castration) as ambiguous and unfalsifiable, then pivots to a properly linguistic analysis of psychotic discourse: the mark of delusion is not its content but a structural feature of the signifier—neologism at the level of the signifier, and irreducible self-referential meaning at the level of the signified—producing two poles of "delusional intuition" and "formula/refrain."

    the economy of discourse, the relationship between meaning and meaning, the relationship between their discourse and the common organization of discourse, that allows us to ascertain that delusion is involved.

69. #69

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.34

    **II** > **The meaning of delusion** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the structure of paranoia cannot be grasped through the "pattern" of understandable behaviour, because the elementary phenomenon of a delusion is not a nucleus around which deduction builds but is itself an irreducible structure — the same structuring force operative at every level of the delusion — and that psychiatry's persistent failure to theorise this is evidenced by Kraepelin's definition, which point-for-point contradicts clinical observation.

    The irreducible elementary phenomenon here is at the level of interpretation.

70. #70

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.260

    **XX**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that psychosis is fundamentally structured by the subject's exteriority to the signifier — where the neurotic 'inhabits language,' the psychotic is 'inhabited by language' — and that the onset of psychosis is triggered at the moment of being called upon to 'speak out' one's own speech, a failing rooted in the prior foreclosure of the primordial signifier (Verwerfung).

    he compares the three great neuropsychoses... what a hysteric expresses by vomiting an obsessional will express by painstaking protective measures against infection, while a paraphrenic will be led to complaints or suspicions

71. #71

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.27

    **I** > **1**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that the distinction between neurotic repression and psychotic repression is a matter of their different positions within the symbolic order, and that misrecognizing the autonomy of the symbolic—substituting imaginary recognition for symbolic exchange—is the structural cause of analytic-triggered psychosis; verbal hallucination is theorized as the moment the subject collapses into identification with the ego, speaking to itself in the real.

    This is where our attempt to situate the diverse forms of psychosis in relation to the three registers of the symbolic, the imaginary, and the real will lead this year.

72. #72

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.215

    **XV** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that psychosis is constituted not by conflict or defense in the neurotic sense, but by a foundational hole at the level of the signifier — specifically the foreclosure of the paternal signifier — which collapses the entire signifying chain and forces the subject into imaginary compensation, with decompensation occurring when imaginary crutches can no longer substitute for the absent symbolic function.

    It's not a matter of phenomenology...It's a matter of determining what the consequences are of a situation that is determined thus.

73. #73

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.199

    **XIV** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that structure and signifier are inseparable concepts, and uses this identity to draw the epistemological boundary between the natural sciences (where no one uses the signifier to signify) and psychoanalysis (where subjectivity—the use of the signifier to deceive—is encountered in the real), thereby grounding clinical structures like neurosis and psychosis in a field irreducible to natural explanation.

    It's the instance of subjectivity as present in the real that is the essential source of the fact that we are saying something new when we single out, for example, these series of apparently natural phenomena that we call neuroses or psychoses.

74. #74

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.105

    **VII** > **1**

    Theoretical move: By moving from the clinical case of Dora's hysteria through a theory of narcissism to ethological examples (the stickleback), Lacan argues that the Mirror Stage constitutes the ego as an alienating, foreign image that structurally inscribes an aggressive tension ("either me or the other") into all imaginary relations—and that this same logic differentiates hysteria from psychosis via the criterion of language disturbance rather than persecution-like content.

    I am fairly scrupulous when it comes to diagnosis in psychosis... I refused to diagnose her as psychotic for one decisive reason, which was that there were none of those disturbances... at the level of language.

75. #75

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan

    **XIV** > **The signifier, as such, signifies nothing**

    Theoretical move: This introductory passage frames the seminar's return to Freudian psychosis structures through the lens of language, using a Cicero epigraph to assert that language conceals marvels requiring diligent structural attention — positioning the study of psychosis as inseparable from the function of Language.

    we are going to return to the study of the Freudian structures of the psychoses

76. #76

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.175

    **XII** > **The hysteric's question**

    Theoretical move: By analyzing Schreber's delusion through the schema of analytic communication, Lacan argues that in psychosis the big Other—where being is realized through speech—is foreclosed, reducing discourse to an internal echo (automatism) that cannot resolve the subject's constitution; this structural difference from neurosis must be clarified before any technique for working with psychotics can be formulated.

    they strove to efface the radical differences between this structure and the structure of the neuroses.

77. #77

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.58

    **IV** > **"I've just been to the butcher's"**

    Theoretical move: Lacan uses Freud's neurosis/psychosis distinction to sharpen the concept of Verwerfung (foreclosure): whereas in neurosis a repressed element returns symbolically within the subject's psychical reality, in psychosis what has been excluded from the symbolic order entirely returns from without in the Real — a structural difference that cannot be reduced to projection. A clinical vignette (the butcher's remark) then demonstrates that the signifier can carry meaning erotically/allusively without being identical to the message received in inverted form.

    For this great difference in organization, or disorganization, there must be, Freud tells us, a deep-seated structural reason. How are we to spell out this difference?

78. #78

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.74

    **V**

    Theoretical move: By contrasting the neurotic's symptomatic language (where repression and the return of the repressed are two sides of one linguistic process) with the psychotic's open discourse, Lacan argues that psychosis cannot be reduced to the same mechanisms as neurosis; the analysis of Schreber's discourse must proceed through the three registers (symbolic/signifier, imaginary/meaning, real/discourse) toward an account of a specifically psychotic mechanism distinct from repression.

    By setting out from our knowledge of the importance of speech in the structuring of psychoneurotic symptoms we shall make progress in the analysis of this territory, psychosis.

79. #79

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.17

    **I** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues against psychogenesis—understood as the reintroduction of Jaspers's "relation of understanding" into psychiatry—by insisting that psychoanalysis operates beyond immediate experience and psychological causation, and that the field of psychosis must be understood structurally rather than through characterological or empathic intelligibility.

    for Freud the field of the psychoses divides in two

80. #80

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.148

    **X** > **On the signifier in the real and the bellowing-miracle**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that psychosis is distinguished from neurosis not by degree of ego pathology but by the structure of testimony to the unconscious (open vs. closed), and that psychoanalysis — unlike ego psychology or the discourse of freedom — operates at the level of discourse's effect on the subject rather than at the level of rational leverage, making psychotics "martyrs of the unconscious" and rendering their condition therapeutically irreducible.

    It limits itself to a different discourse, one that is inscribed in the very suffering of the being we have before us and is already articulated in something - his symptoms and his structure - that escapes him

81. #81

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.169

    **X** > **XI** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the primordial signifier (Wahrnehmungszeichen) is the condition of possibility for memory, historicization, and neurosis, while its foreclosure (Verwerfung) constitutes the distinctive mechanism of psychosis—a "hole in the symbolic" rather than a reworking of reality—thereby reframing Freud's Verneinung and the neurosis/psychosis distinction in strictly signifier-based terms.

    the dynamics of the three great neuropsychoses that he applies himself to - hysteria, obsessional neurosis, paranoia - presupposes the existence of this primordial stage

82. #82

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.323

    **XXV** > **1**

    Theoretical move: Lacan defends Freud's account of Schreber's psychosis—centered on castration, the Phallus, and the paternal function—against Macalpine's pre-oedipal/imaginary fantasy alternative, arguing that only a framework grounded in speech and the function of the father can account for the "verbal auditivation" and structural features that distinguish psychosis from neurosis.

    the mere experience of partial delusion mitigates against speaking of immaturity, or even of regression or simple modification of the object relation

83. #83

    Seminar III · The Psychoses · Jacques Lacan · p.116

    **VIII**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the fundamental distinction between neurosis and psychosis lies in the register where the repressed returns: in neurosis it returns *in loco* within the symbolic order (under a mask), while in psychosis it returns *in altero* in the imaginary (without a mask) — and that post-Freudian ego-psychology's reduction of psychosis to ego-defense mechanisms systematically obscures this economic and topographical distinction.

    For the classification to be significant it has to be a natural one. How are we to look for what is natural? Thus Freud didn't reject hypnoid states, he said he would not take them into account.

84. #84

    Seminar IV · The Object Relation · Jacques Lacan · p.141

    Jacques Lacan The Object Relation > DORA AND THE YOUNG HOMOSEXUAL WOMAN

    Theoretical move: Lacan distinguishes the structures of neurosis and perversion by mapping Dora's hysteria as a perpetual metaphorical self-positioning under shifting signifiers (Frau K. as her metaphor), while the young homosexual woman's perversion operates metonymically—pointing along the signifying chain to what lies beyond, namely the refused paternal phallus—and uses Lévi-Strauss's exchange theory to ground why woman is structurally reduced to object within the Law of symbolic exchange.

    So, what difference becomes apparent between these two registers and these two situations in which Dora and the homosexual woman are respectively implicated?

85. #85

    Seminar IV · The Object Relation · Jacques Lacan · p.277

    HOW MYTH IS ANALYSED

    Theoretical move: Through the case of Little Hans, Lacan demonstrates that therapeutic interventions aimed at directly addressing guilt or abolishing prohibition inevitably backfire, transforming the forbidden into the compulsory, and that the child's symptomatic productions are better understood as permutative signifier-operations that progressively integrate a disturbing new real element (the real penis) into the subject's mythic system—making progress in analysis a function of the signifier's displacement across personages, not of regression or direct authoritarian clarification.

    it is precisely because the genital element is utterly solid, present, resistant, and firmly installed in a subject such as this, that he doesn't come out with a hysteria but a phobia.

86. #86

    Seminar IV · The Object Relation · Jacques Lacan · p.322

    XVIII CIRCUITS > PERMUTATIONS

    Theoretical move: Lacan reads Little Hans's successive transgressive fantasies as a mythical permutation-structure — a series of attempts to articulate and exhaust every form of an impossible solution to the deadlock between the maternal and paternal circuits — and uses this to distinguish Hans's neurotic trajectory from the perverse (fetishistic) path that remained structurally available to him.

    There is nothing artificial about distinguishing in this way the direction of Hans's evolution from another possible direction.

87. #87

    Seminar IV · The Object Relation · Jacques Lacan · p.133

    Jacques Lacan The Object Relation > DORA AND THE YOUNG HOMOSEXUAL WOMAN

    Theoretical move: Lacan re-reads the Dora case to argue that hysteria's structural ambiguity is resolved only by positing that the phallus must be raised to the level of the symbolic gift — what is loved and sought is precisely what the father lacks and cannot give — thereby grounding the female subject's entry into the symbolic order in the gift of the phallus rather than in real need.

    In the case of the young homosexual woman, the mother is present because she is the one who takes the father's attention away from the daughter, thereby introducing the real element of frustration that will be decisive in shaping the perverse constellation.

88. #88

    Seminar IV · The Object Relation · Jacques Lacan · p.55

    Jacques Lacan The Object Relation > THE SIGNIFIER AND THE HOLY SPIRIT

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the child's symbolic positioning as phallus for the mother is not directly accessible to the child but requires symbolisation; phobia is distinguished from perverse solutions (fetishism, identificatory fusion) as a specifically symbolic appeal—a 'call for rescue'—that introduces the paternal third term to manage the gap opened by the mother-child-phallus triad.

    Why in fetishism does the child come more or less to occupy the position of the mother in relation to the phallus? Or why, on the contrary, in certain highly particular forms of dependency... does the child also come to occupy the position of the phallus?

89. #89

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.388

    **THE OBSESSIONAL AND HIS DESIRE**

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that obsessional desire is structured by dependence on the Other, and that fantasy must be redefined not as a blind imaginary image but as the imaginary captured in a particular use of signifiers—a scenario ($◇a) in which the subject is implicated—thereby distinguishing the obsessional's relation to desire from the hysteric's identificatory structure.

    Our exploration of neurotic structures as conditioned by what I call formations of the unconscious led us last time to the point of talking about the obsessional

90. #90

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.381

    **THE 'STILL WATERS RUN DEEP' DREAMS** > **THE OTHER'S DESIRE**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that the phallus functions as the privileged signifier that designates the overall effects of the signifier on the signified, and that desire—structured as the desire of the Other—is the key axis around which both hysterical and obsessional clinical structures are organized, with the Splitting of the Subject (Spaltung) as the structural condition making the unconscious possible.

    How do we now formulate what occurs in an obsessional structure? Obsessional neurosis is much more complicated than hysterical neurosis, but not so much more.

91. #91

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.383

    **THE 'STILL WATERS RUN DEEP' DREAMS** > **THE OTHER'S DESIRE**

    Theoretical move: Lacan differentiates the hysteric's and obsessional's structural relations to desire: the hysteric locates desire in the Other's desire, while the obsessional's desire is constituted as an absolute condition that necessarily destroys the Other—making the obsessional's search for the object of desire self-defeating, since desire requires the Other's support as its very place.

    As clinical experience clearly demonstrates, the hysteric lives entirely at the level of the Other... it's the aim of desire as such... that is constitutive of the obsessional.

92. #92

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.200

    **THE THREE MOMENTS OF THE OEDIPUS COMPLEX (II)**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that the structural failure of the Name-of-the-Father (foreclosure in psychosis, or its effective overruling by the mother in homosexuality) determines the subject's inability to complete the Oedipus complex's third moment; the key theoretical move is to show that homosexuality is not simply an "inverted Oedipus" but results from a precise structural inversion of authority within the parental couple, where the mother lays down the law to the father instead of the reverse.

    different causes can have a common effect, namely that in cases in which the father is too much in love with the mother, he finds himself in fact in the same position as one to whom the mother lays down the law.

93. #93

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.153

    **FORECLOSURE OF THE NAME-OF -THE-FATHER** > **THE PATERNAL METAPHOR**

    Theoretical move: Lacan maps the historical evolution of debates around the Oedipus complex onto three structural poles—superego, reality, and ego-ideal—arguing that the function of the father and the Oedipus complex are co-extensive, and uses Melanie Klein's own findings to demonstrate that the paternal third term (the phallus) is irreducible even in supposedly pre-Oedipal imaginary relations, thus preparing the ground for his formal account of the paternal metaphor.

    I intend to address questions of structure... concerning formations of the unconscious.

94. #94

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.428

    **THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE PHALLUS IN** THE TREATMENT

    Theoretical move: Lacan critiques a clinical practice that reduces the treatment of obsessional neurosis to a two-person relation and ratifies the subject's fantasmatic production at the level of demand rather than desire, showing through detailed case analysis that such indoctrination—centered on the imaginary other and phallic fantasy—produces regression, acting out, and artificial transference effects rather than genuine analytic cure.

    the problem of the sexual specificity of the neuroses. Those who might think that it's for reasons that have to do with their sex that subjects choose this or that inclination in neuroses will see on this occasion how much what is in the order of structure in neurosis leaves very little place to being determined by the position of sex

95. #95

    Seminar V · Formations of the Unconscious · Jacques Lacan · p.466

    **THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE PHALLUS IN** THE TREATMENT > **THE CIRCUITS OF DESIRE**

    Theoretical move: The passage argues that the Oedipal structure is grounded in the castration complex as the effect of the signifier on the Other, which introduces a constitutive lack-in-being into the subject; this foundational lack then distributes into distinct clinical structures—symptom, hysteria, and obsession—each defined by a specific relationship to desire and its object.

    it's in disorder that we could more easily learn to uncover the inner workings and articulations of order... What we have been studying recently in the hysteric makes it possible for us to locate where the problem of neurosis is to be found.

96. #96

    Seminar VI · Desire and Its Interpretation · Jacques Lacan · p.451

    THE EITHER/OR CONCERNING THE OBJECT

    Theoretical move: Lacan critiques both a 1956 Parisian article that collapses the distinction between perverse fantasy and perversion, and the broader tradition of object-relations theory (Abraham, Ferenczi, Klein, Glover), arguing that the structural position of desire — defined by irreducible distance from the object — cannot be reduced to an individual developmental conquest of reality; perverse fantasy illuminates the very structure of unconscious fantasy as such.

    Thus there is no specific unconscious content in the sexual perversions, since we find the same content in cases of neurosis and psychosis.

97. #97

    Seminar VI · Desire and Its Interpretation · Jacques Lacan · p.437

    THE DIALECTIC OF DESIRE IN NEUROSIS

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the structure of fantasy — defined by the aphanisis of the subject at the height of desire — is the hub from which neurotic (and perverse) clinical structures differentiate: the subject must find something to sustain desire in the face of the Other's desire, generating the distinct solutions of phobia, hysteria (unsatisfied desire), and obsession (impossible desire).

    today I will try to situate the position of desire for you in the different clinical structures, and to begin with, in neurotic structure.

98. #98

    Seminar VI · Desire and Its Interpretation · Jacques Lacan · p.447

    THE DIALECTIC OF DESIRE IN NEUROSIS

    Theoretical move: The passage advances a differential dialectic of desire in neurosis: hysteria and obsession are contrasted as two distinct structural positions relative to desire and the phallus, with the phallus theorized as the signifier that ties desire to the law of exchange and fertility, such that the neurotic subject's fundamental impasse is the "to be or not to have" disjunction—being the phallus for the Other exposes one to the threat of castration, while the neurotic ego-defense is what organizes the subject's distance from the Other's desire.

    It is the distance that is maintained between his most profound manifestation as desire and the Other's desire; it is the means [alibi] by which he constitutes himself as phobic, hysteric, or obsessive respectively.

99. #99

    Seminar VI · Desire and Its Interpretation · Jacques Lacan · p.479

    THE FUNCTION OF SPLITTING\* IN PERVERSION

    Theoretical move: Lacan argues that perversion inverts the neurotic's proof-structure: where the neurotic must ceaselessly prove desire's existence, the pervert takes it as given, and organises his entire construction around identifying with the phallus-as-object inside the mother, using the fetish or idol to symbolise the split between symbolic identification (I) and imaginary identification (i(a)) — a structure illustrated paradigmatically through male and female homosexuality and confirmed clinically via the anecdote of Gide's marble.

    It is certainly legitimate to include all sorts of peripheral, intermediary forms between perversion and psychosis, let us say, such as drug addiction or other forms in our nosographic field.

100. #100

     Seminar VI · Desire and Its Interpretation · Jacques Lacan · p.71

     THE DREAM ABOUT THE DEAD FATHER: "HE DID NOT KNOW HE WAS DEAD"

     Theoretical move: The dream about the dead father is analyzed as a metaphor produced by the elision (subtraction) of signifiers, where repression operates at the level of the Vorstellungsrepräsentanz rather than content; this analysis hinges on the distinction between signifying elision and repression, and opens toward the graph of desire, fantasy, and the differential clinical significance of similar structures across neurosis and psychosis.

     the elision of the same wish can have effects that are altogether different in different structures... as Verwerfung [foreclosure] is distinguished from Verneinung [negation]

101. #101

     Seminar VII · The Ethics of Psychoanalysis · Jacques Lacan · p.62

     **IV**

     Theoretical move: By reading das Ding as the 'beyond-of-the-signified' — the absolute, prehistoric Other that can only be missed, never reached — Lacan grounds the clinical structures of hysteria, obsessional neurosis, and paranoia in differential relations to this primordial lost object, and then opens the path toward a Kantian ethics where das Ding is replaced by the pure signifying system of the moral law.

     I will outline the positing of the subject in the third of the major categories that Freud distinguishes at the beginning - hysteria, obsessional neurosis, and paranoia.

102. #102

     Seminar VIII · Transference · Jacques Lacan · p.380

     **M EDICAL H A R M O N Y** > **THE RELATIONSHIP BETW EEN ANXIETY A N D DESIRE**

     Theoretical move: Lacan argues that anxiety is not purely internal to the subject but circulates between subjects as a kind of shared energy, and that desire functions as a remedy for anxiety—yet the analyst's proper position requires not using desire merely as an expedient but sustaining a relationship to "pure desirousness" that refuses to fill the place of the anxious Other for the patient.

     phobia is designed to sustain a relationship to desire in the form of anxiety... just as in the complete definition of hysteria and obsession one must add the metaphor of the other

103. #103

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.283

     *Seminar 24*: *Wednesday 13 June 1962*

     Theoretical move: Lacan uses the topology of the cross-cap/projective plane—specifically the hole structure of the Möbius strip and the double cut that yields a central piece plus a Möbius surface—to formalise the structure of fantasy ($ ◇ a), showing how the Objet petit a is situated at the point of lack in the Other and how narcissistic/specular identification serves as a lure that covers the true relationship to the object of desire.

     At this level, the neurotic like the pervert, like the psychotic himself, are only faces of the normal structure.

104. #104

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.292

     *Seminar 24*: *Wednesday 13 June 1962*

     Theoretical move: At the close of Seminar 9, Lacan positions the logic of desire—articulated through the fantasy matheme ($◇a) and the topology of the subject's relation to the object—as the necessary supplement to Lévi-Straussian structuralism, while simultaneously arguing that the three clinical structures (neurosis, perversion, psychosis) are each 'normal' expressions of the three constitutive terms of desire, and that misreading drive as biological agency is the foundational error of ego-psychology/American psychoanalysis.

     what is the object of desire for the neurotic, or again for the pervert, or again for the psychotic?... The psychotic is normal in his psychosis... the pervert is normal in his perversion... the neurotic because he has to deal with the Other

105. #105

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan

     *Seminar 14*: *Wednesday 21 March 1962* > *Seminar 18*: *Wednesday 2 May 1962* > M Audouard

     Theoretical move: The passage raises the theoretical problem of how anxiety, precisely as that which resists symbolisation (marking the failure of symbolisation), can itself come to be symbolised — and what happens at the 'central hole' from which the signifier is born.

     I am not used to schizophrenics, but as regards neurotics and perverts

106. #106

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.145

     *Seminar 14*: *Wednesday 21 March 1962*

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that the "reality of desire" is constituted through the dimension of the hidden and the structural weakness of the Other as guarantor of truth; this dialectic is traced through hysteric and obsessional modes of evading capture, and culminates in the claim that ethical behaviour—and the irreducibility of the castration complex at analysis's end—can only be understood by mapping desire's function in relation to the Other.

     The hysteric has another mode which is of course the same, because it is the root of this one... Here therefore is where there ends up this structure, this fundamental dialectic.

107. #107

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.129

     *Seminar 13*: *Wednesday 14 March 1962*

     Theoretical move: The neurotic's defining feature is the desire to know — specifically to reverse the effacing of the thing by the signifier and recover the real that preceded signification — and this structure, rather than social maladjustment, gives neurosis its theoretical authority; meanwhile, sublimation is reframed as a paradoxical detour through signification by which jouissance is obtained without repression.

     I leave here indicated, initiated in order to come back to it in a more generalised and at the same time a more diversified fashion, namely according to the three kinds of neurosis: phobia, hysteria and obsession.

108. #108

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.252

     *Seminar 21*: *Wednesday 23 May 1962* > *Seminar 22*: *Wednesday 30 May 1962*

     Theoretical move: Lacan argues that the obsessional's sadistic fantasy misses its true target: it aims at the specular image i(o) rather than at the object of desire o itself, because a fundamental asymmetry between the specular image and the object (which has no specular image) leads the neurotic astray—and it is this structural confusion, not narcissism per se, that accounts for neurosis and radically distinguishes it from perversion and psychosis.

     it is also the only reference which allows us radically to differentiate the structure of the neurotic from neighbouring structures, namely from those which are called perverse and from those which are psychotic.

109. #109

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.207

     *Seminar 14*: *Wednesday 21 March 1962* > *Seminar 18*: *Wednesday 2 May 1962* > Lacan

     Theoretical move: Lacan uses a critical commentary on Mme Aulagnier's presentation to advance his own theoretical positions: that the subject must be defined purely through its exclusion from the signifier (not as a person), that affect cannot be understood outside its relation to the signifier, that perversion must be rethought as the subject making himself object for the jouissance of a phallic god, and that anxiety is properly situated as a sensation of the desire of the Other at the level of the ideal ego rather than as a word/affect antinomy.

     the difference, the distinction that exists between the relationships of desire for example at the level of the four kinds or types which she defined for us under the terms of: normal, perverse, neurotic, psychotic.

110. #110

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.200

     *Seminar 14*: *Wednesday 21 March 1962* > *Seminar 18*: *Wednesday 2 May 1962*

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that anxiety arises at the precise moment when the desire of the Other becomes unnameable, dissolving both ego and Other as supports of identification; this structural logic is then differentiated across neurosis, perversion, and psychosis, where for the psychotic the foreclosure of symbolisation means that the emergence of desire itself—rather than its loss—is the privileged source of anxiety, since it forces a confrontation with the constitutive lack (castration) that was never symbolised.

     What has been seen in all the cases discussed, whether normal neurotic or perverse, identification can only happen in relation to what the subject imagines rightly or wrongly to be the desire of the Other.

111. #111

     Seminar IX · Identification · Jacques Lacan · p.197

     *Seminar 14*: *Wednesday 21 March 1962* > *Seminar 18*: *Wednesday 2 May 1962*

     Theoretical move: The passage advances a structural typology of clinical positions (normality, neurosis, perversion, psychosis) organized around the axis of identificatory conflict with the partial object, castration, and the differential articulation of demand, desire, and jouissance — arguing that what distinguishes each structure is not the content of the drive but the subject's identificatory relation to the phallic object and the Other's desire.

     From here one can trace the different phases of the evolution of the subject - normal, neurotic, perverse or psychotic. I will try to schematise them here, simplifying them perhaps in a slightly caricatural fashion in order to show the relationship which exists in each case between identification and anxiety.

112. #112

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings · Sigmund Freud

     The Ego and its Forms of Dependence

     Theoretical move: Freud argues that the super-ego's peculiar severity derives from its dual origin—as the earliest identification (heir to the Oedipus complex) and as a reincarnation of archaic id-formations—and uses this structural account to explain clinical phenomena including negative therapeutic reaction, unconscious guilt, and the differential manifestation of guilt in obsessional neurosis, melancholia, and hysteria, ultimately linking the super-ego's cruelty to the death drive turned inward.

     In two disorders that are very well known to us, namely obsessional neurosis and melancholia, the guilt-feeling is excessively conscious; the ego-ideal displays particular severity in such instances

113. #113

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings · Sigmund Freud

     Addenda

     Theoretical move: Freud reframes the conceptual architecture of defence, repression, anxiety, and trauma by: (1) demoting 'repression' to a sub-category of a broadened concept of 'defence'; (2) constructing a developmental sequence from trauma through danger-situation to anxiety-as-signal; and (3) showing that the distinction between objective and neurotic fear dissolves once the drive is recognized as an internal danger that mirrors external helplessness.

     there is an intimate connection between particular forms of defence and specific disorders, for instance between repression and hysteria

114. #114

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings · Sigmund Freud

     VI

     Theoretical move: Freud identifies two surrogate repressive techniques specific to obsessional neurosis—obliteration and isolation—and argues that both operate through motor symbolism to achieve the same goal as repression, while also raising the problem of whether castration anxiety is the sole motor of defence across all neuroses, particularly in women.

     It would be futile to look at symptom-formation in other disorders besides phobias, conversion hysteria and obsessional neurosis

115. #115

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings · Sigmund Freud

     Addenda

     Theoretical move: Freud refines and taxonomizes the mechanisms of repression and resistance, distinguishing five types of resistance from three psychic agencies (ego, id, superego), and revises his theory of anxiety away from direct libido-transformation toward an ego-signal theory grounded in the paradigmatic danger situation of birth.

     we have altogether five kinds of resistance to contend with, arising from three distinct directions, that is, from the ego, the id and the super-ego

116. #116

     Freud as Philosopher: Metapsychology After Lacan · Richard Boothby · p.121

     <span class="chnum ordinal">Chapter 2 </span><span id="ch2.xhtml_p71" class="pagebreak" aria-label=" page 71. " role="doc-pagebreak"></span>Between the Image and the Word > Circulation in the Psychical Apparatus

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that Lacan's imaginary-symbolic distinction can be recast as a theory of "circulation" within the psychical apparatus, where clinical structures (neurosis, psychosis) represent specific breakdowns or arrests in this dialectical interplay, and where analytic work consists in repunctuating discourse to restore proper circulation between the two registers.

     Over the range of such a spectrum, we might locate the forms of psychopathology recognized by psychoanalysis.

117. #117

     The Chattering Mind: A Conceptual History of Everyday Talk · Samuel McCormick · p.32

     Barbers and Philosophers > **Runaway Jaw**

     Theoretical move: The passage traces Kierkegaard's theoretical appropriation of Holberg's comic figure of the 'talkative barber' (Master Gert Westphaler) as a conceptual resource for his critique of speculative idealist thought, locating in Gert's compulsive, uncontrollable chatter (*snak*) a proto-clinical structure—an obsessive disease of discourse—that exceeds both intention and interlocution.

     The clinical structure of this curious disease is an uncontrollable and strangely obsessive urge to transmit information to others.

118. #118

     The Chattering Mind: A Conceptual History of Everyday Talk · Samuel McCormick · p.128

     Fuzzy Math > **Babble Dabble** > **Maundering Equivocation**

     Theoretical move: Kierkegaard's analysis of Adler's case demonstrates how Hegelian speculative thought produces "dialectical equivocation" — a structural confusion between subjective experience and objective religious authority, between divine logos and public opinion — which degrades authentic religious commitment into probabilistic "preacher-prattle" oriented toward social comfort rather than truth.

     But this also exposed the underlying clinical structure of his ailment.

119. #119

     The Chattering Mind: A Conceptual History of Everyday Talk · Samuel McCormick · p.110

     Fuzzy Math > **Trembling Impatience** > **The Premise- Author**

     Theoretical move: The passage deploys Kierkegaard's distinction between 'essential authors' and 'premise-authors' to argue that chatter is structurally constituted by a lack of self-understanding: the premise-author, having no coherent life-view to communicate, uses public discourse as a substitute for the reflexive work of self-determination, thereby allowing language itself—rather than an intending subject—to speak.

     Gert Westphaler suffers from a 'chatter disease,' the clinical structure of which is an obsessive urge to transmit information that frequently overwhelms his own conscious intentions.

120. #120

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings (alt. ed.) · Sigmund Freud

     Addenda

     Theoretical move: Freud revises and taxonomizes the concept of resistance (distinguishing five types from three sources: ego, id, superego) and reformulates the theory of anxiety/fear, shifting from direct libido-transformation to an ego-signal model grounded in danger situations, thereby refining the structural account of repression, counter-cathexis, and working-through.

     the complete contrast in the direction of the counter-cathexis in hysteria and phobias on the one hand, and in obsessional neurosis on the other, appears to be significant

121. #121

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings (alt. ed.) · Sigmund Freud

     II

     Theoretical move: Freud establishes narcissism as a structural feature of libido theory by triangulating three pathways—organic illness, hypochondria/paraphrenia, and love-life—to argue that ego-libido and object-libido are dynamically interconvertible, that primary narcissism is universal, and that the compulsion to invest in objects arises from a pathogenic surplus of ego-libido.

     It is probably not going too far to suppose that an element of hypochondria may also routinely be present in the other neuroses

122. #122

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings (alt. ed.) · Sigmund Freud

     VI

     Theoretical move: Freud introduces two auxiliary repressive techniques specific to obsessional neurosis—obliteration and isolation—arguing that isolation's logic is ultimately grounded in a primordial taboo on touching, and closes by challenging whether castration fear alone can be the universal motor of repression, especially given women's neuroses.

     It would be futile to look at symptom-formation in other disorders besides phobias, conversion hysteria and obsessional neurosis

123. #123

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings (alt. ed.) · Sigmund Freud

     VIII

     Theoretical move: Freud reframes anxiety as an ego-generated signal rather than a product of automatic economic discharge, and systematically maps a developmental sequence of danger situations (birth trauma → object-loss → castration → super-ego) that underlie distinct neurotic structures, while revising his earlier libido-transformation theory of anxiety.

     the latter case is operative in the aetiology of the 'actual' neuroses, while the former remains a characteristic feature in that of the psychoneuroses.

124. #124

     Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings (alt. ed.) · Sigmund Freud

     V

     Theoretical move: Freud advances a metapsychological account of symptom-formation in conversion hysteria and obsessional neurosis, arguing that the distinguishing mechanism of obsessional neurosis is libido regression to the sadistic-anal phase (driven by the castration complex against the Oedipus complex), accompanied by drive de-mergence, a uniquely harsh superego, and reaction-formations in the ego — contrasting with hysteria's simpler reliance on repression alone.

     no one has been able to say what circumstances determine whether a particular case takes the form of a conversion hysteria or a phobia

125. #125

     Subject Lessons: Hegel, Lacan, and the Future of Materialism · Russell Sbriglia & Slavoj Žižek (eds.) · p.87

     The Philosopher's Stone > Notes

     Theoretical move: This notes section is bibliographic and scholarly apparatus, providing citations and brief argumentative glosses that support the chapter's main claims about idealism, materialism, and their philosophical genealogy; it is not itself a primary theoretical passage.

     One could think of the choice between idealism and materialism along the lines of the choice of neurosis as theorized by Freud.

126. #126

     The Impossible David Lynch · Todd McGowan · p.17

     ,'\ru'/,¡/ ¡)(" ,.: '\';11." \,,'" .1, ,,( T H E *impossible* /h,-Ft'llItllc *Form* LUCr FI~CH~k **DAVID LYN CH** > The Proximity of David Lynch

     Theoretical move: McGowan argues that Lynch's cinema achieves a theoretically impossible feat: by formally separating the realms of desire and fantasy—rather than blending them as most films and everyday experience do—Lynch's films expose the structural relationship between the two, revealing how fantasy retroactively constitutes desire rather than merely answering it, and thereby producing a "normality" more unsettling than any avant-garde subversion.

     Unlike the 'normal' subject, neurotics and psychotics don't experience things so clearly... There is always some slippage between normality on the one hand and neurosis and psychosis on the other.

127. #127

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.217

     <span id="page-191-0"></span>*Glossary of Lacanian Symbols* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_ > There's No Such Thing as a Sexual Relationship

     Theoretical move: This endnote cluster clarifies several technical concepts—S(A) as signifier of the barred/lacking Other, sublimation, subjectivity vs. subjectivization, sexuation structures as strict contradictories—while defending Lacan's theoretical innovations against feminist and structuralist misreadings.

     there is no 'borderline' category between neurosis and psychosis in his version of psychoanalysis

128. #128

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.155

     THE PHALLUS: ONE OF W~ S PARTNERS > **The Analyst's Discourse**

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that the Discourse of the Analyst, structured around objet petit a as agent, necessarily hystericizes the analysand by placing the divided subject on the 'firing line', forcing Master Signifiers produced through association into dialectical relation with the signifying chain — a process whose motor force is the analyst's pure desirousness.

     The analysand, regardless of his or her clinical structure-whether phobic, perverse, or obsessive-compulsive-is backed into the hysteric's discourse.

129. #129

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.17

     **THE LACANIAN SUBJECT** > Pour Heloise

     Theoretical move: This passage is a preface/road map for the book, outlining its scope, methodology, and interpretive stance—it is non-substantive theoretical content, serving primarily as an editorial and navigational frame rather than advancing a theoretical argument.

     neurosis, psychosis, and perversion

130. #130

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.65

     <span id="page-53-0"></span>**The Lacanian Subject** > **Lacan's Split Subject**

     Theoretical move: The Lacanian subject is nothing but the split itself — a radical separation between ego (false being) and unconscious (the Other's discourse) produced by alienation in language; this split, which exceeds purely linguistic/structural explanation, serves as the foundational diagnostic divide between neurosis and psychosis.

     The very notion of splitting as produced by our alienation within language can serve as a diagnostic tool, enabling the clinician to distinguish, in certain cases, neurosis from psychosis.

131. #131

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.115

     <span id="page-101-0"></span>Object (a): Cause of Desire > <span id="page-113-0"></span>**The Freudian Thing**

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that Lacan's object (a) is a direct theoretical translation of Freud's *das Ding*: by rendering Freudian neurons as signifiers and facilitations as signifying links, Lacan shows that the Thing is what remains isolated from the signifying chain yet is circled by it — the unsignifiable kernel within the Other that constitutes the subject as a defense against it, and whose differing primal affects (disgust vs. being-overwhelmed) provide structural diagnostic criteria distinguishing hysteria from obsession.

     these differing 'primal affects,' primal stances adopted with respect to the 'thing' (object a) encountered by the infant in its relations with a fellow creature (parental Other), constitute structural diagnostic criteria by which to distinguish hysteria from obsession

132. #132

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.165

     <span id="page-156-0"></span>Psychoanalysis and Science > **The Status of Psychoanalysis**

     Theoretical move: Psychoanalysis is positioned as a distinct, independent discourse that shares formal features with scientific discourse (both being "IRS discourses") without being reducible to science; rather, psychoanalysis illuminates the structural conditions of scientific discourse itself, while pursuing its own forms of rigor through mathemization and clinical differentiation.

     rigorous clinical differentiations, and so on-it is nevertheless an independent discourse requiring no validation from science.

133. #133

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.94

     <span id="page-53-0"></span>**The Lacanian Subject** > *The Subject as Signified*

     Theoretical move: Fink redefines Lacanian castration as the subject's alienation-in and separation-from the Other (not biological threat), and articulates how the barred subject is constituted as a sedimentation of meanings via the retroactive relation between S2 and the master signifier S1 (equated with the Name-of-the-Father), with the traversal of fantasy marking the path beyond neurosis.

     Different forms of psychosis are related to the different ways in which jouissance breaks in on the patient: jouissance invades the body in schizophrenia, and the locus of the Other as such in paranoia.

134. #134

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.149

     THE PHALLUS: ONE OF W~ S PARTNERS > <span id="page-147-0"></span>**The** Four Discourses

     Theoretical move: The Four Discourses are introduced as structural matrices governing different social bonds, with the Master's Discourse functioning as the primary or originary discourse from which the other three are generated by quarter-turn rotations; each discourse's positions (agent, truth, other, product/loss) assign different roles to the same four mathemes (S1, S2, $, a), making discourse a structural — not psychological — category.

     The hysteric's psychical structure does not change as he or she changes discourses, but his or her efficacy changes.

135. #135

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.69

     <span id="page-53-0"></span>**The Lacanian Subject** > **Alienation and Separation**

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that alienation and separation are two complementary operations structuring subjectivity: alienation constitutes the subject through a forced submission to the Other-as-language, while separation arises from the alienated subject's confrontation with the Other-as-desire, specifically the irreducible gap between the child's desire to be the Other's sole object and the Other's always-elsewhere desire.

     psychosis can be understood as a form of victory by the child over the Other, the child foregoing his or her advent as a divided subject so as not to submit to the Other as language.

136. #136

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.160

     <span id="page-156-0"></span>Psychoanalysis and Science > Su~uring **the Subject**

     Theoretical move: Science "sutures" the subject by excluding it and reducing Truth to propositional value, whereas psychoanalysis is distinguished precisely by taking into account the cause, the split subject, and the subject's libidinal relation to jouissance—making science, as currently constituted, incapable of encompassing psychoanalysis.

     the formalization of psychoanalysis into mathemes and rigorously defined clinical structures—so characteristic of Lacan's work at that stage

137. #137

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.33

     <span id="page-21-0"></span>Language and Otherness > **Foreign Bodies**

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that the body is fundamentally "written by signifiers" — that language and the symbolic order override biological organization to produce psychosomatic symptoms, erogenous zones, and fantasies — and uses this to ground the claim that different relations to the Other (as language, demand, desire, jouissance) constitute the basis for the clinical structures.

     One can already begin to distinguish different possible subject positions, that is, the different clinical structures (neurosis, psychosis, and perversion) and their subcategories (e.g., hysteria, obsession, and phobia under neurosis), on the basis of different relations to the Other.

138. #138

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.125

     <span id="page-116-0"></span>There's No Such Thing as a Sexual Relationship > **"There's no Such Thing** as a **Sexual Relationship"**

     Theoretical move: Lacan's formula "there's no such thing as a sexual relationship" is grounded in the claim that masculinity and femininity are defined separately and differently with respect to the symbolic order—not in relation to each other—such that each sex has a distinct mode of alienation by language and a distinct form of jouissance, making any direct complementary relation between them structurally impossible.

     Lacan's contribution to the understanding of neurosis and psychosis suggests that the latter involves a part of the symbolic that is foreclosed and returns in the real whereas the former does not.

139. #139

     The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance · Bruce Fink · p.197

     <span id="page-191-0"></span>*Glossary of Lacanian Symbols* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_ > **Chapter 1 Language and Otherness**

     Theoretical move: This passage consists entirely of endnotes for Chapter 1, providing bibliographic references, clarifications of key Lacanian terms, and cross-references to other chapters and seminars. It is non-substantive in terms of original theoretical argument.

     I do not systematically lay out the different clinical structures, though I do briefly indicate how Lacan differentiates neurosis and psychosis (chapter 5) and obsession and hysteria (chapter 7).

140. #140

     Žižek Responds! · Todd McGowan & Dominik Finkelde (eds.)

     Žižek Responds! > [Žižek and the War in an Era of Generalized Foreclosure](#contents.xhtml_ch13)^{<a href="#13_iek_and_the_war_in_an_era_of_generalized_foreclosure.xhtml_en13-1" id="13_iek_and_the_war_in_an_era_of_generalized_foreclosure.xhtml_nr13-1">1</a>}

     Theoretical move: The passage argues that contemporary political crisis—exemplified by the war in Ukraine—is best understood not through Baudrillardian simulacra but through the psychoanalytic lens of "generalized foreclosure": a collapse of the big Other that produces an excess of certainty ("too much reality"), dissolves the social bond, and generates the very wars and communicative breakdowns that define our era.

     the problem with the clinical structure that psychoanalysts name psychosis